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ARGUMENT IN CONTEXT
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
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If you want to see more and you are
genuinely interested in using the text for your class or own use: Email Jim at jim@wcdebate.com Also note: You have access to Breaking Down Barriers: How to
Debate (Policy and Parli Debating)—which provides basic and more advanced
instruction in academic debating—along with the comprehensive Dictionary
of Forensics (approximately 700 pages of materials). SECTION 1: KEY CONCEPTS OF
ARGUMENT
1-1 INTRO TO ARGUMENT Definition of Argument Benefits of Argumentation Supporting Arguments Argument Type 1, 2, and 0 Supporting your Argument Type 0: Constructing
Arguments Supporting your Argument Type 1: Logos, Pathos,
Ethos Supporting your Argument Type 2: Responding to
Arguments Perspectives on argument: logic, dialectic and
rhetoric Argument comes in diverse forms 1-2 FORMAL LOGIC What Formal Logic Seeks The Syllogism Syllogisms – Truth Testing Syllogisms - Validity Testing Parts of a Syllogism Five Tests of Validity Examples of Testing 1-3 RHETORICAL LOGIC Values, Arguers, Spheres Formal Logic versus Rhetorical Arg Argument and Persuasion The Enthymeme Toulmin Model of Argument Argument Fields, Communities, and Spheres Perelman and Audiences The Narrative Paradigm 1-4 DIALECTICAL LOGIC Dialectical Questioning Dialectical Point and Counterpoint Pragma –Dialectics Common Ground Imre Lakatos’ Refutational Process Casuistry The Rational and the Reasonable 1-5 PREPARING GOOD ARGUMENTS Preparing Good Arguments Consider your Audience Adjust to your Audience Consider Opposing Arguments Research an Argument Organizing an Argument Relevance (The Because Test) Lists of Reasons For Ill, Blame, Cure, Cost Criteria Chronology Narrative Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Interpretive argument Consider how you will Present your Argument Conclusion 1-6 MAKING WELL SUPPORTED
ARGUMENTS Types of Support Evidence Support Interest Support Using Pictures and Videos and Physical Movement for
Argument Making Your Support Effective Being Vivid Developing your Logos Developing your Ethos Developing your Pathos Using Effective Language Reworking An Argument 1-7: ENGAGING IN ARGUMENT The Burdens in an Argument Presumption Burden of Proof Burden of Rejoinder Burden of Rebuttal Responding to Arguments Rebuilding Arguments Rebuttal Distinguishing versus Combining Comparisons 1-8 MAKING DECISIONS ABOUT
ARGUMENTS Decisionmaking Paradigms Costs and Benefits Hypothesis Testing Gamesplayer Narrative Paradigm Skepticism toward Arguments Tabula Rasa Critic Of Argument Assessor Punishment Overall Skepticism towards Arguments Presentational Style Style Emphasis Issues Emphasis Arguments Emphasis The Role of Ethos in Deciding Morality Aesthetics Sincere Advocacy Consequentialist versus Principled Thinking Consequentialist Thinking Thinking based on Principles Deciding how to decide Articulating and Justifying a Decision 1-9 USING GOOD REASONING AND
AVOIDING FALLACIES Reasoning Causal reasoning Sign Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Reasoning from Analogy Argument from Authority Argument from Definition Logical Fallacies How to show that an argument is not well supported Arguments that lack adequate proof: Arguments that rest on faulty proofs: Point out that the source of the evidence is poor: How to prove that an argument isn’t important: How to prove that an argument actually helps your
case Tip: Point out Logical Fallacies accurately Conclusion 1-10 ETHICAL ARGUMENT Ethics in Preparing Arguments Enhancing Human Dignity Arguers as Lovers Rapists Seducers Harrassers Lovers The Ideal Speech Situation Impartial Rational Standpoint Conclusion
SECTION 2: ARGUMENT IN PRACTICE
Chapter 1 VALUE
ARGUMENT Understanding your Argument Selecting a Value Criteria Defining Terms Weighing Values Value A Has Wider Implications than Value B Value A Is More Justified By the Situation than Value B Value A Is More Universal Than Value B Value A Is Instrumental To Value B Value A Is More Specific Than Value B Value A Is More Morally Justified Than Value B Casuistry Relation to Ethics Conclusion Chapter 2 PUBLIC
POLICY ARGUMENT Policy Advocacy, the Fundamentals The Proposal Advantages Responses to the Advantages Developing an Advantage for a Proposal Responding to an Advantage: PLAN DISADVANTAGES Links Impacts Responding to a Disadvantage Advocating a Counter-Proposal Choose your Counter Proposal Get supporting material for the Counter Proposal Responding to a Counter-Proposal KRITIKS Prepare a Kritik Responding to Kritikal Arguments WEIGHING ISSUES Congressional Argumentation Committee Argumentation Bargaining and Compromising Activist Argumentation Conclusion Chapter 3
Political Campaign Argument Campaign Argumentation Positive and Negative Campaign Ads Positive Ads Negative Ads Candidate Character Political Debates: Before, During, and After Political Stump Speeches Conclusion CHAPTER 2-04:
LEGAL ARGUMENT Writing Legal Briefs What is a Legal Brief? Tone of the Brief Format of the Brief Argument Oral Argument Preparing for Oral Argument Preparing for Questioning Cross-Examination Responding to Objections Making Decisions in Law Reasoning by Example Legal Formalism Legal Realism Political Capital / Political Legitimacy Model Writing the Decision CHAPTER 2-05:
ARGUMENT IN RELIGION Some Key Elements of Religious Argument Argument in Christianity Personal Faith Argumentation in Judaism Argumentation in Buddhism and Hinduism Argumentation in Islam Sunni argumentation Shiite argumentation Philosophical Arguments for Religion Scientific arguments for religion Agnosticism and Atheism CHAPTER 2-06:
SCIENCE AND MATH ARGUMENT Scientific Argument Arguing Science in an Academic Environment Background Research Developing a Hypothesis Demonstrating Plausibility Defining Terms Arguing through Observable Results: The Scientific Method Arguing Science in Conversation Demonstrating Knowledge in the Field Speaking to the Audience Mathematic Argument Mathematical Logic Mathematical Language and Notation: Important Concepts Conclusion CHAPTER 2-07:
ACADEMIC ARGUMENT What Makes an Academic Argument? Academic Argumentative Writing Academic Presentations What are Academic Presentations How to Make Academic Presentations Effective Teaching as Argument Teaching as a Collaborative Activity Practical Application of Teaching as Argument Using Argument in Teaching CHAPTER 2-08:
DISCUSSION/GROUP ARGUMENT Composing an Argument Engaging in Argument in the Group Leadership Styles Staying on Topic Giving Relevant Reasons Conclusion CHAPTER 2-09:
CASUAL ARGUMENT The matter at hand Why are we arguing? Keeping things personal Keeping things civil Getting through to a stubborn friend Arguing in groups Remember: Have Fun CHAPTER 2- 10:
ARGUING ON THE INTERNET (BLOGS, WIKIS, CHAT SESSIONS, ETC.) Don’t Get Lost Keeping Focused Contributing Constructively The Question of Anonymity Incorporating other sources Specific online venues Blogs News Commentary Wikis Forums/Message Boards Chat Sessions
SECTION 3: ARGUMENT THEORY IN
CONTEMPORARY CONTEXTS
Chapter 3-1
SOCIALITY AND ARGUMENT Identification and Division The Guilt Purification Cycle: Argument as Unification Argument as Performance Content versus Community Chapter 3-2
DEMOCRACY IN ARGUMENT Traditional Models of Participation Alternatives to Specialization Fisher’s Narrative Paradigm Raj Patel’s Approach Friere’s Approach Chapter 3-3
METAPHOR IN ARGUMENT Metaphor as a Social Necessity Metaphor Shapes our Understanding of Argument Analysis of Metaphor’s Arguments Cold War and Terrorism Argument Metaphors Cold War Rhetoric Today Metaphorical Framework Implications Chapter 3-4 GENDER
CHALLENGES TO ARGUMENT Masculine Conceptions of Argument: Gender Awareness in Argument: Argument as Compromise and Collaboration: Advancing Gendered Conceptions of Argument Butler Spivak Chapter 3-5 POWER
IN ARGUMENT Power Relationships Surveillance and Biopower Discourse, Power, and Knowledge The Rhetorical Situation Critical Rhetoric The First, Second and Third Personas Chapter 3-6
ARGUMENT AND PSCYHOANALYSIS What is Psychoanalysis? Lacan’s Subject Lacan and Argument Argument and Jouissance Zizek’s Interpretation of Argument Liberatory Argument Chapter 3-7 POST
STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES TO ARGUMENT Ethics and Subjectivity Simulations and hyperreality Rhizomes and desire APPENDIX:
RESEARCHING ARGUMENTS Using the Library Using the Internet Contacting Experts
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